资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
辑录汇编:文话理论品格的一种生成路径****** 作者:侯体健(复旦大学中国古代文学研究中心教授) 辑录汇编是一种述而不作的著述方式,在我国传统典籍的成书过程中颇为常见。“作不如述,虽圣人犹择所从事,可以下学而昧诸?”(童槐《睿吾楼文话叙》)这样一种重视辑述的著书观念在古代中国可谓根深蒂固。就历代文话的体例形态而言,辑录汇编式文话也是重要的类型之一。在文话诞生之初的宋代,辑录汇编式文话即已呈现出多样的种类,杂抄型与类编型两大类相继出现,杨囦道《云庄四六余话》、张镃《仕学规范·作文》、王正德《余师录》均属杂抄之作,而晚宋王应麟《辞学指南》则是类编之作,往往能够抓住词科作文之关键,并以之为纲目,将搜集的观点与言论按类编排,颇见纲举目张的效果。这种带有较强类编色彩的文话,在后世不断发展,编者常能将自己的文学观念融入其中,表现出独特的文论主张,于明代逐渐成熟,出现了朱荃宰《文通》和高琦《文章一贯》等体例纯熟的辑录汇编之作。至清代更是嬗变衍生出融冶他书而能自铸新意的汇编集成性文话,如王之绩《铁立文起》、刘青芝《续锦机》、孙梅《四六丛话》、叶元垲《睿吾楼文话》等等,均属此类。至于民国王葆心所著《古文辞通义》规模宏阔、搜讨博赡,实乃辑录汇编式文话的重要代表。该书虽立足于辑录,但“广加荟萃,出以清豁”(《古文辞通义例目》),“购众材加以规矩绳墨,而后以覃思研精出之”(王葆心《复饶竹生学部书》),尤能“以旧说证己意,以己意衷旧说”(《古文辞通义例目》),堪称我国古代文章学著作中的杰构,获得了王先谦、林纾、马其昶、陈衍、姚永朴等著名学者的交口称赞。 然自近代学术开启以来,辑录之作常因缺乏原创性而为人所轻视,被认为多有蹈袭稗贩、陈陈相因之弊。即使是《古文辞通义》这样规矩粲然的鸿篇巨制,也不免为人误解。黄侃在读到王葆心之作后,竟以书掷地,批评说“何物《古文辞通义》,抄书匠而已”(《纗华隽永录》)。黄氏不以为然的态度,显示出对该书的轻蔑,尤其是对抄掇辑录这一著述方式的鄙夷。这或可算辑录汇编之作的“原罪”,无须多辩。但纵观历代文话辑录之作所呈现出的丰富样态和潜藏的学术理路,无疑构建了自足自洽的知识秩序,在剪辑编排之中,思想自然渗透其里,其意义和价值不可轻率否定。某种意义上甚至可以说辑录汇编是我国传统文学批评理论品格的独特生成路径之一,彰显了一种本土文化性格。这里且以我们新近编纂的《稀见清人文话二十种》(王水照、侯体健编,复旦大学出版社2021年版)所收辑录汇编式文话略作申说。 《稀见清人文话二十种》收录六部清人辑录汇编式文话,虽同是辑录,但它们各有学术追求,并非简单的抄撮资料而已。其中姚椿《论文别录》所辑最杂,它将自魏晋讫于明清的文话、目录、史书、评点、凡例、序说等各类批评形式并置一处,展现出各家多样的批评方法和观念,作者的编撰旨趣显然是开放的,能够兼容各派主张。丁晏《文彀》多采单篇文章,尤其集中于论文书牍,而以唐宋诸家为最,此乃基于他“阐明圣言,维持名教”(《文彀》自序)的认识,以服务于“文以载道”的理念,立场非常鲜明。范濂《四六谈荟》摭拾宋元明清诗话、笔记、文话、别集、方志等涉及四六名言警句、写作理论及逸闻轶事的相关内容,最喜摘录宋人骈文观点,反映出宋四六理论对清代骈文及骈文理论发展的影响。许钟岳《古文义法钞》以辑录明清古文家之论述为主,其持论明显受到桐城派影响,但常于各家论述之后下按语,阐述自己看法,又多有超越桐城之处,是一部辑中有作的文话。《十家论文》杂取潘昂霄、黄宗羲等十人综论古文风格、文章史和古文要法的言论而成,尤重桐城一脉,编者可能即是晚清桐城后学。最值得关注的,则是吴荫培的《文略》。 《文略》始撰于清光绪二十七年(1901),初名《文征》五卷,以备用于家塾,后增改为《文略》五卷首三卷。时清廷已废科举,故所撰并不为举业服务,而是用作学堂教育的教材。因有感于日本小林氏对中国文学之推崇,更负“镕铸古今,勉求国粹”(《文略》自序)之责任,故而全书展现出作者在欧风美雨的时代思潮中对汉民族文学的独特思考。该书出入经史,杂取百家,分门别类,“爰以原学、养蒙、立志、力行、识字、读书各条冠之编首,复取姚姬传氏之所谓格律、声色、神理、气味,而先之以典章、意义”(《文略》自序),颇有特色。正文五卷以桐城派格律声色、神理气味为纲,尤重于格律之解说。该书虽是辑录之作,但无论类目设置,还是所辑所选,均自具只眼,独运匠心。如果放入长时段的历史图景中观察,可见《文略》已带有传统文话向近代文学教育教材转型的色彩。它一方面将临文准备、文法要义、文章风格相涵摄,一方面又将诸家论说与例文例句相糅合,可谓既有批评史眼光,又涉范畴论阐释,还兼作品选分析,集史、论、选于一体,显示出传统文章学著述在清末民初学堂教育风习下形成的新面貌。 这些辑录汇编式文话都是在一定的文章学观念指导下编排前人言论的,我们应将其视为特殊的文论选本,以选本批评的眼光谛审之,那么就可能透视出潜藏在剪裁去取、体例结构背后的文章学思想,以及它们与时代学术之互动关系。实际上,这样一种带有文论选本意识的辑录式文话也颇为常见。前举丁晏《文彀》是其一,民国胡鄂公的《五十家论文书牍》也算典型,该书整篇地汇纂唐韩愈而下至于清代张裕钊的五十位作家的论文书牍七十余篇,俨然选本面目,显示出辑录汇编式文话与此后历代文论选的一脉渊源。至于多部辑录汇编式文话与桐城派的关系,就更颇堪留意了。 桐城派是清代最大的文章流派,影响所及,无远弗届。姚椿亲承姚鼐謦欬,是晚期桐城派的重要成员,对桐城文章可谓终身服膺,但《论文别录》所辑清代文论十二家,可算作桐城派者寥寥,反倒是对桐城文法多有质疑的恽敬、袁枚诸家入选其中,此即说明姚氏论文并不为一家一派所囿,表现出桐城后学在作文取法上的多元化。《文略》作者吴荫培和《古文义法钞》作者许钟岳,都是安徽歙县人,歙县与桐城距离不远,两人想必因地缘之近多受桐城文风浸润。《文略》一书骨骼全依姚鼐的格律、声色、神理、气味而设,内容也以征引桐城诸家文论为多,各个类目之中均不忘致敬方苞、刘大櫆、姚鼐等桐城派代表人物;但《文略》明显也兼取多家之说,并蓄各派观点,如前文所论,其所列“格律”诸目释义全袭包世臣,而包氏持论多有与桐城异趣者。吴荫培也指出:“桐城虽云《史》、《汉》、昌黎,实则远宗欧、曾,近法震川。”(《文略》卷首下“评文下”注)对桐城派的自我标榜有所保留。许氏《古文义法钞》书名就高举桐城“义法”大纛,但他不满于“株守宗派,拟议铢寸”(《古文义法钞》自序)的桐城末流,希望能够取法近代大家,以溯源韩柳,通于为文之法。选录诸家以桐城一脉为主,并且认为袁枚论文“与桐城格律亦合”(《古文义法钞》“古文十三弊”条按语),试图统摄弥合桐城派之外的各家有益之论。 此外,《文略》和《古文义法钞》两书还都表现出西风东渐时局下强烈的文学危机感。《文略》开篇大段征引日本小林氏演讲文字,强调“以中国文学论,诚可谓举世无双”,提醒应警惕青年“醉心欧美”,希望能够“重整保存国粹之旗鼓”,改变“近日学者无不规仿欧西”的局面。《古文义法钞》汪宗沂序说“古文词虽中国旧学,而断为启新者所不能废”,鲍鹗跋也说“言语文字为一国之人精神命脉之所寄”,都是以悲壮而痛惜的口吻来强调古文词在剧变时期的重要性,认为许钟岳此书有助于“通夫世运之变”。在欧风美雨的侵袭之中,传统文化的守成者们,采用这种述而不作的本土化撰著方式,回应了时代的诡谲,似借以对抗大变局下中国文章学不绝若线的颓势命运。由此可见,辑录汇编确然蕴藏了独有的知识秩序和思想秩序,与时代学术发生了内在的呼应,并非无意义的重复和转录,而是一种表达主张的著述方式,也是本土化的理论生成路径。 综上所述,回到辑录汇编式文话的历史语境之中,或许我们就能真正理解这类文话的本土性格所具有的特别的理论意义。 《光明日报》( 2022年12月26日 13版) (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |